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Most HIV-negative adults have between 500 and 1500 CD4 cells in a cubic millimeter of blood. Most people with HIV who have an undetectable viral load can reach the normal range and often it is only a matter of time.

If you are living with HIV, a CD4 count above 350 can significantly improve health-related outcomes. People with a CD4 count below 200 are considered to have AIDS and are more susceptible to opportunistic infections. In general, higher CD4 counts offer better protection and hint at a more robust immune system.

The HIV medications neutralise the virus and protect its favourite target – the CD4 cells. Some people’s CD4 count may recover at a slower rate than other people’s, particularly in those who start treatment with very few CD4 cells. However, if their viral load is undetectable, they are better protected against opportunistic infections and other health problems than someone with an uncontrolled viral load.

Zekerie Redzheb

Zekerie Redzheb

Editorial Consultant

Zekerie is a master’s student in virology, a researcher in antiviral treatment and immunotherapy at Sofia University, and tutors general and molecular biology. He has a vested interest in pandemic viruses and pathogen-host interactions. He is particularly interested in HIV cure research, treatment and management as well as environmental and socicultural influences on the wellbeing of people living with HIV. He holds a joint bachelor’s degree in Biological Sciences and English Literature. LinkedIn

Basic information

Very recent infection

Very recent infection

Myths and facts

Myths and facts

What does ‘reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

A close-up of a glass receptacle which contains a testing vial. This vial is labelled as being ready to receive blood for an HIV test. The image has a pink and purple filter over it. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What does ‘non-reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

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What does ‘indeterminate’ mean when testing for HIV?

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What is p24 antigen?

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CD4 and viral load

CD4 and viral load

Undetectable viral load

Undetectable viral load

What is the normal CD4 count for an HIV-negative person?

Health checks for people with HIV

Health checks for people with HIV

What does undetectable mean?

Will I test negative if my viral load is undetectable?

What is a viral load blip, and does it matter?

Early HIV infection

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What are the symptoms of early HIV infection?

A woman is resting in bed.

What is the window period for HIV testing?

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Sensitivity and specificity of HIV tests

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False positive results on HIV tests

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False negative results on HIV tests

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4 cell counts

A vial of blood is resting on a form that indicates it will be tested for CD4 cells. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4/CD8 ratio

A person wearing a blue surgical glove holds a vial of blood in front of a bloodwork form. The option "CD4 CD8" is checked. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Viral load

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.

What are logs in viral load results?

Vial of blood ready for viral load testing

Blood tests before starting or changing HIV treatment

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.