Skip to content

Symptoms vary from person to person. The only way to be sure if you have HIV is to have an HIV test. You cannot tell from symptoms alone.

If you have HIV, it’s very important that it’s diagnosed, for the best chance of getting treatment and care, and of staying well.

Many people have a short, flu-like illness, often called a ‘seroconversion’ illness, soon after they are infected with HIV. Typical symptoms include a fever, sore throat, swollen glands, aches and pains, and a blotchy rash.

In some people this illness is so mild that it passes without being noticed. Some people mistake it for the flu, but for some people it is more severe and they may need to see a doctor. However, because the symptoms are similar to symptoms of many other conditions, HIV might not be diagnosed at the time. Click here to find out more about the symptoms of HIV seroconversion.

After this initial illness, it’s not uncommon for people to live with HIV and not to have any symptoms at all. But the virus will still be causing damage to the immune system, and without treatment most people with HIV will eventually become ill because of it. Click here to find out more about the stages of HIV infection.

HIV-related illnesses can cause a wide range of symptoms. These can include fevers and night sweats, a high temperature, a cough that won’t go away, unexplained weight loss, severe diarrhoea, bad headaches, or persistent mouth and skin problems. Of course, these can all have other causes.

Roger Pebody

Roger Pebody

Commissioning Editor

Roger joined aidsmap in 2008 and was Managing Editor from 2018 to 2024. As a freelancer, he now edits aidsmap’s news and conference coverage, as well as working on updates to About HIV pages. He is also a contributing science editor for TheBodyPro, a freelance journalist for The Lancet HIV, and a medical writer helping researchers prepare articles for peer-reviewed journals. He began working on HIV at Gay Men Fighting AIDS in the mid-1990s.

Basic information

Better off knowing

Better off knowing

Testing

Testing basics leaflet.

How do I know if I have HIV?

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Where can I get an HIV test?

A person having a blood test. They are sitting in a chair while a nurse collects blood in a vial.

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

Illustration of HIV virus.

Very recent infection

Very recent infection

Myths and facts

Myths and facts

What does ‘reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

A close-up of a glass receptacle which contains a testing vial. This vial is labelled as being ready to receive blood for an HIV test. The image has a pink and purple filter over it. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What does ‘non-reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

A close-up image of somebody holding an HIV test between two of their fingers. The test has not been taken yet and is blank. The person is wearing blue surgical gloves. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What does ‘indeterminate’ mean when testing for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

What is p24 antigen?

A close-up of somebody's hand in a blue surgical glove holding a vial of blood hand.

CD4 and viral load

CD4 and viral load

What is the normal CD4 count for an HIV-negative person?

What is the normal CD4 count for someone taking HIV treatment?

Health checks for people with HIV

Health checks for people with HIV

What does undetectable mean?

Will I test negative if my viral load is undetectable?

What is a viral load blip, and does it matter?

Testing and health monitoring

HIV testing

A close-up of a glass receptacle which contains a testing vial. This vial is labelled as being ready to receive blood for an HIV test. The image has a pink and purple filter over it. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Home HIV testing (self-testing and self-sampling)

A man pricks his finger so that he can test himself for HIV. In front of him are the instructions for the test. He is concentrating on pricking his finger. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

HIV testing for trans and non-binary people

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

Early HIV infection

A woman site on the sofa with a blanket over her and around her shoulders.

What are the symptoms of early HIV infection?

A woman is resting in bed.

What is the window period for HIV testing?

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Sensitivity and specificity of HIV tests

A close-up of somebody's hand. They are wearing blue surgical gloves and holding a vial that contains a small amount of blood. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

False positive results on HIV tests

An empty vial marked with the word "HIV" resting in a test tube. The image has a pink and purple filter on it.

False negative results on HIV tests

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4 cell counts

A vial of blood is resting on a form that indicates it will be tested for CD4 cells. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4/CD8 ratio

A person wearing a blue surgical glove holds a vial of blood in front of a bloodwork form. The option "CD4 CD8" is checked. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Viral load

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.

What are logs in viral load results?

Vial of blood ready for viral load testing

Blood tests before starting or changing HIV treatment

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.

Blood monitoring for people with HIV

A person having a blood test. They are sitting in a chair while a nurse collects blood in a vial.

Anaemia and HIV

Blood cells.

Cervical screening: information for people with HIV

A woman wearing white sits on a bed in a clinic, talking to a nurse wearing blue, who's making notes.

How accurate are self-sampling kits for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

How accurate is self-testing (home testing) for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

How accurate are fourth-generation combination tests for HIV diagnosis?

A close-up of somebody's hand. They are wearing blue surgical gloves and holding a vial that contains a small amount of blood. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

How accurate are rapid, point-of-care tests for HIV?

A close-up image of somebody holding an HIV test between two of their fingers. The test has not been taken yet and is blank. The person is wearing blue surgical gloves. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Are HIV tests accurate in people taking HIV treatment, PrEP or PEP?

A medication bottle on its side and open, with its contents of oval tablets spilling onto a white surface. The image has a pink and purple filter on it.