Body fat changes on HIV therapy: a new theory

This article is more than 24 years old.

An increasing number of reports of body fat changes in people taking anti-HIV therapy have led to widespread fears that protease inhibitors may be causing unfortunate long-term side-effects.

Since the beginning of 1998 there have been a growing number of reports of changes such as:

- fat redistribution from the arms and legs to the stomach resulting in a pot belly

Glossary

triglycerides

A blood fat (lipid). High levels are associated with atherosclerosis and are a risk factor for heart disease.

 

pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.

hormone

A chemical messenger which stimulates or suppresses cell and tissue activity. Hormones control most bodily functions, from simple basic needs like hunger to complex systems like reproduction, and even the emotions and mood.

diabetes

A group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood sugar (glucose). Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body fails to produce insulin, which is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin normally (insulin resistance). Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, unusual thirst and extreme hunger. Some antiretroviral drugs may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

cholesterol

A waxy substance, mostly made by the body and used to produce steroid hormones. High levels can be associated with atherosclerosis. There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘bad’ cholesterol (which may put people at risk for heart disease and other serious conditions), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or ‘good’ cholesterol (which helps get rid of LDL).

- growth of fat deposits at the back of the neck, the so-called `buffalo hump'.

- the onset of diabetes after starting protease inhibitor treatment

- big increases in levels of blood fats called cholesterol and triglycerides, sometimes to levels which pose a long-term risk of heart disease

- pancreatitis as a result of severely elevated triglycerides

All of these changes have been associated with use of protease inhibitors, but American endocrinologist (specialist in human hormones) Dr Don Kotler argues that what is now being seen is a consequence of the long-term physical stress of HIV infection. When people suffer prolonged stress, they also suffer sustained increases in levels of a hormone called cortisol. Kotler argues that the one factor which has been previously reported to cause all the body fat changes seen in people with HIV is elevated levels of cortisol. If cortisol levels can be controlled, long-term HIV therapy may remain relatively safe, he argues.

Read an account of his views on the causes of body fat changes at

http://www.thebody.com/tag/june98.html