The latest HIV statistics for England suggest continued progress. According to the available information for 2020, 95% of people living with HIV were diagnosed, 99% of diagnosed people were on treatment and 97% of those on treatment had an undetectable viral load. This makes England one of the first countries to surpass the global targets for each of these figures to be over 95%.

However, these figures are for 2020 – the first year of the COVID pandemic – when fewer people than usual attended HIV treatment services. With 11% fewer viral load test results recorded in 2020 than in 2019, there is a lot of missing data. And some of those who didn’t have their blood tested might have had other challenges with continuing with their medical care.

Indeed, the data show that while it was expected that 93,780 people with diagnosed HIV would attend HIV services (in person, on the phone or online), only 88,800 people did. Almost twice as many people in 2020 did not attend a clinic appointment all year as in 2019.

The number of phone consultations increased more than seven times from just under 8000 in 2019 to over 59,000 in 2020.

The limited access to some services affected rates of HIV testing. The number of tests taken by heterosexual men and women fell by 33%, and partly as a result, the number of new HIV diagnoses fell by 24%.

Among gay and bisexual men, testing only fell by 7%, while new diagnoses fell by 41%. It seems that this is a real fall in new infections, due to increased use of PrEP alongside testing, condoms and undetectable viral load.

Doctors need to do more for people living with HIV who smoke tobacco and are unable or unwilling to quit, a group of US doctors have recently argued.

In the US and Europe, tobacco use is now a leading killer of people with HIV. Giving up cigarettes significantly reduces the risk of developing smoking-related diseases and most health professionals focus on quitting as the goal.

However, quitting smoking is difficult and many attempts end in failure. The group of US doctors say that a more realistic and pragmatic approach is needed. They call this ‘harm reduction’: trying to limit negative consequences associated with smoking, even if the smoker is unable to quit.

They say doctors and nurses should:

• Encourage people to cut down and smoke fewer cigarettes. This has health benefits and is often a step on the road to giving up completely.
• Encourage smokers to use patches, gum or other forms of nicotine replacement therapy. (The authors say more research is needed on e-cigarettes.)
• Do more lung cancer screening.
• Do more to reduce the risk of heart disease. This includes monitoring cholesterol and high blood pressure as well as using statins and other preventive medications.

Some recent research demonstrates that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology can be used to remove the HIV genome from the DNA of infected cells.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a molecular tool adapted from a technique that bacteria use to remove viral genetic material that has been integrated into their own DNA. It essentially allows scientists to pick a sequence of known genetic material (for example part of the sequence of the HIV genome) and instruct an enzyme to go and cut this material out of a sequence of DNA.

The research is at an early phase. Two new studies show that, in the lab dish, it is possible to remove viral DNA from that of infected human cells. They demonstrate that through testing different targets for the Cas9 enzyme, they can improve its effectiveness, and have explored ways of delivering such a treatment to cells.

While this research is of interest to scientists working towards an HIV cure, many hurdles need to be overcome before human trials can start. These studies have taken place in controlled laboratory conditions with a small number of cells. For this treatment to be effective in humans it would have to reach and be effective in every cell that has integrated HIV DNA. Intensive monitoring would be needed to ensure that there are no harmful or even potentially fatal 'off-target' edits of the host cell’s own genetic material.

A group of researchers recently gathered evidence on some of the major health issues affecting people with HIV as they got older. They wanted to see if these affected women living with HIV differently from men living with HIV, or from HIV-negative women.

But they found major gaps in the available research. Many large studies of people living with HIV could not be included because only a small number of women were recruited or because there was no analysis on differences between genders. When making comparisons with HIV-negative women, the two groups were often poorly matched. The studies didn’t help identify whether increased rates of some health problems are due to biological causes, or if other factors such as socioeconomic status and ethnicity are also contributing.

Nonetheless, some findings did emerge. In relation to heart disease, bone disease and cognitive impairment, studies generally found that HIV-positive women were at greater risk than HIV-negative women. For kidney disease, there was a higher risk for women living with HIV than for men living with HIV.

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