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Easy-to-read and illustrated information on how to separate HIV myths from the facts.

There's a lot of misunderstanding about HIV and AIDS. Not everything you hear about HIV and AIDS is true.

Some of the myths are about how HIV is passed on, where HIV came from and HIV treatment.

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Myths and facts
Roger Pebody

Roger Pebody

Commissioning Editor

Roger joined aidsmap in 2008 and was Managing Editor from 2018 to 2024. As a freelancer, he now edits aidsmap’s news and conference coverage, as well as working on updates to About HIV pages. He is also a contributing science editor for TheBodyPro, a freelance journalist for The Lancet HIV, and a medical writer helping researchers prepare articles for peer-reviewed journals. He began working on HIV at Gay Men Fighting AIDS in the mid-1990s.

Mercy Shibemba

Mercy Shibemba

Article author

Mercy is an award-winning activist and advocate for children and young people living with HIV. Sharing her story of growing up with HIV to educate, challenge and inspire. She works on youth engagement and participation across clinical trials, research and charities that support young people. She is also the Chair of The Social Innovation Partnership. 

Basic information

Better off knowing

Better off knowing

How do I know if I have HIV?

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Domizia Salusest | www.domiziasalusest.com

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

Illustration of HIV virus.

Very recent infection

Very recent infection

Myths and facts

Myths and facts

What does ‘reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

A close-up of a glass receptacle which contains a testing vial. This vial is labelled as being ready to receive blood for an HIV test. The image has a pink and purple filter over it. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What does ‘non-reactive’ mean when testing for HIV?

A close-up image of somebody holding an HIV test between two of their fingers. The test has not been taken yet and is blank. The person is wearing blue surgical gloves. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

What does ‘indeterminate’ mean when testing for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

What is p24 antigen?

A close-up of somebody's hand in a blue surgical glove holding a vial of blood hand.

CD4 and viral load

CD4 and viral load

What is the normal CD4 count for an HIV-negative person?

What is the normal CD4 count for someone taking HIV treatment?

Health checks for people with HIV

Health checks for people with HIV

What does undetectable mean?

Will I test negative if my viral load is undetectable?

What is a viral load blip, and does it matter?

HIV testing

A close-up of a glass receptacle which contains a testing vial. This vial is labelled as being ready to receive blood for an HIV test. The image has a pink and purple filter over it. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Home HIV testing (self-testing and self-sampling)

A man pricks his finger so that he can test himself for HIV. In front of him are the instructions for the test. He is concentrating on pricking his finger. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

HIV testing for trans and non-binary people

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

Early HIV infection

A woman site on the sofa with a blanket over her and around her shoulders.

What are the symptoms of early HIV infection?

A woman is resting in bed.

What is the window period for HIV testing?

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Sensitivity and specificity of HIV tests

A close-up of somebody's hand. They are wearing blue surgical gloves and holding a vial that contains a small amount of blood. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

False positive results on HIV tests

An empty vial marked with the word "HIV" resting in a test tube. The image has a pink and purple filter on it.

False negative results on HIV tests

A person wearing a surgical glove holds the hand of somebody else. This person is having their finger pricked with a fine needle. The needle has drawn a small amount of blood which is visible. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4 cell counts

A vial of blood is resting on a form that indicates it will be tested for CD4 cells. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

CD4/CD8 ratio

A person wearing a blue surgical glove holds a vial of blood in front of a bloodwork form. The option "CD4 CD8" is checked. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Viral load

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.

What are logs in viral load results?

Vial of blood ready for viral load testing

Blood tests before starting or changing HIV treatment

A close up of a person's arm while they are having their blood taken. The person taking the blood is wearing surgical gloves. We can see some of the blood is already in the tube.

Blood monitoring for people with HIV

A person having a blood test. They are sitting in a chair while a nurse collects blood in a vial.

Anaemia and HIV

Blood cells.

Cervical screening: information for people with HIV

A woman wearing white sits on a bed in a clinic, talking to a nurse wearing blue, who's making notes.

How accurate are self-sampling kits for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

How accurate is self-testing (home testing) for HIV?

Mareike Günsche | www.aspect-us.com

How accurate are fourth-generation combination tests for HIV diagnosis?

A close-up of somebody's hand. They are wearing blue surgical gloves and holding a vial that contains a small amount of blood. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

How accurate are rapid, point-of-care tests for HIV?

A close-up image of somebody holding an HIV test between two of their fingers. The test has not been taken yet and is blank. The person is wearing blue surgical gloves. The image has a pink and purple filter over it.

Are HIV tests accurate in people taking HIV treatment, PrEP or PEP?

A medication bottle on its side and open, with its contents of oval tablets spilling onto a white surface. The image has a pink and purple filter on it.